One normal copy (blue x) of a gene on the X chromosome is generally sufficient for normal function. Women who have a defective gene (red x) on one of their two X chromosomes are protected by the normal copy of the same gene on the second chromosome. But men lack this protection, since they have one X and one Y chromosome. Each male child of a mother who carries the defect has a 50 percent risk of inheriting the faulty gene and the disorder. Each female child has a 50 percent chance of being a carrier like her mother.

Illustration: Mary E. Challinor