TIME MATTERS: Biological Clockworks

Resource Credits

Credit 1:

National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution Mathematical Collections,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 2:

National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution Division of Science, Medicine & Society,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 3:

On loan from Walt Disney Imagineering,
© Disney Enterprises, Inc.,
Glendale, California

Credit 4:

Provided by Atomix branded products
(www.atomixtime.com).

Credit 5:

Adapted from R.E. Kronauer, "Modeling Principles of Human Circadiam Rhythms,"
M.C. Moore-Ede and C.A. Czeisler (eds.),
Mathematical Modeling of Circadian Systems,
New York, NY, Raven Press, 1984,
as reprinted in Arthur T. Winfree, The Timing of Biological Clocks,
New York, NY, Scientific American Books, Inc., 1987

Credit 6:

National Geographic Society,
Washington, D.C.
Spherical Concepts,
Frazer, Pennsylvania

Credit 7:

M. Brandon Jones, Ph.D.
College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware,
Lewes, Delaware

Credit 8:

NASA
Washington, DC

Credit 9:

J. Woodland Hastings, Ph.D.,
Harvard University,
Cambridge Massachusetts

Credit 10:

Smithsonian National Zoological Park,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 11:

Dr. Timothy Bartness,
Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia

Credit 12:

National Library of Medicine,
Rockville, Maryland

Credit 13:

Used with permission of the Houghton Library,
Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Credit 13b:

Drawn by U. Schleicher-Benz, Lindauer Bilderbogen,
reprinted in Alan Reinberg and Michael H. Smolensky, et al.,
Biological Rhythms and Medicine: Cellular, Metabolic, Physiopathologic, and Pharmacologic Aspects,
New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1983

Credit 14:

Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis Darwin,
The Power of Movement in Plants,
New York, NY, D. Appleton and Company, 1897

Credit 15:

Reprinted with permission from J. Dunlap,
Cell, Vol. 96, January 22, 1999.,
1999 Cell Press

Credit 16:

Courtesy of Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center,
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Credit 17:

National Science Foundation,
Arlington, Virginia,
and Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 18:

AP Worldwide and University of Chicago,
reprinted in Samuel A. Goudsmit, Robert Claiborne, et. al.
Time (New York, NY, Time-Life Books, 1966)

Credit 19:

Courtesy of the UCLA Film and Television Archive,
Los Angeles, CA

Credit 20:

National Museum of Health and Medicine,
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,
Washington, D.C.
Specimen obtained from the Yakovlev-Haleem Collection.

Credit 21:

National Museum of Health and Medicine,
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 22:

We thank the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center,
James K. Rilling and Thomas R. Insel, for providing the human primate MRI.
We also thank Mr. Michael D'Abreu, student intern from Gonzaga College High School, Washington D.C.,
for the three-dimensional human brain model and CD-ROM animation.

Credit 23:

Artist, Lydia Kibiuk,
Society for Neuroscience,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 24:

Adapted from the National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing Teachers' Manual

Credit 25:

Adapted from Nathaniel Kleitman and T. Englemann "Sleep Characteristics of Infants,"
Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol.7, 1953,
as reprinted in Sue Binkley, The Clockwork Sparrow: Time, Clocks, and Calendars in Biological Organisms,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990

Credit 26:

© Gerry Wyder,
Lugano, Switzerland

Credit 27:

Santorio Santorio's Ars de Statica Medicina (1711 edition),
reprinted in Roberto Margotta, The History of Medicine,
London, Reed International Books Limited, 1996,
National Library of Medicine, Rockville, Maryland

Credit 28:

Adapted from Kenneth S. Rawson, "Effects of Tissue Temperature on Mammalian Activity Rhythms,"
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology,
25:109 (1960)

Credit 29:

National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution, Division of Science, Medicine & Society,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 30:

Adapted from Duane Bradley, Time for You,
J.B. Lippincott Company, 1960,
Philadelphia, PA

Credit 31:

K'NEX Industries, Inc.,
Hatfield, Pennsylvania
Constructed by Jacob Levitt, Jonathan Kagan-Kans, and friends.

Credit 32:

Courtesy of Seymour Benzer and Ron Konopka

Credit 33:

Courtesy of Seymour Benzer,
Pasadena, California

Credit 34:

Harriet S. Shapiro and William C. Sturtevant, Ph.D.,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 35:

Seymour Benzer, "Genetic Dissection of Behavior,"
Scientific American, Vol. 229, No. 6, December 1973,
Scientific American, Inc.

Credit 36:

Used with permission from M.D. Adams, et al.,
"The Genome Sequence of Drosophila Melanogaster,"
Science, Vol. 287, March 24, 2000.,
© 2000 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Credit 37:

Dr. Joseph S. Takahashi,
Northwestern University

Credit 38:

Keith Moffat, Ph.D., and Marius Schmidt, Dr.rer.nat.,
University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois

Credit 39:

Applied Genetics Laboratories, Inc.,
Melbourne, Florida

Credit 40:

Courtesy of Jay C. Dunlap, Ph.D.,
Dartmouth Medical School,
Lebanon, New Hampshire

Credit 41:

Courtesy of Shepherd Roberts, Ph.D.,
Temple University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Credit 42:

Trikinetics,
Waltham, Massachusetts,
Carolina Biologicals,
Burlington, North Carolina

Credit 43:

Courtesy of Irene Tobler, Ph.D.,
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
University of Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland

Credit 44:

Courtesy of William C. Dement, M.D.,
Ph.D Stanford University Sleep Disorders Center,
Stanford, California

Credit 45:

Courtesy of Emmanuel Mignot

Credit 46:

Adapted from William C. Dement, The Promise of Sleep,
New York, NY,
Delacorte Press, 1999

Credit 47:

National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Electricity Collections,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 48:

Courtesy of Bernard S. Finn, Ph.D.,
National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Electricity Collections,
Washington, D.C.

Credit 49:

Adapted from Kenneth Lasson,
Mousetraps and Muffling Cups: One Hundred Brilliant and Bizarre U.S. Patents,
New York, NY, Arbor House, 1986

Credit 50:

Steve Lohman, Lineartgallery,
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts

Credit 51:

i-STAT Corporation,
East Windsor, NJ

Credit 52:

Apollo Light Systems,
Orem, Utah

Credit 53:

Somnavue glasses from Enlightened Technologies Associates, Inc.,
Fairfax, Virginia

Credit 54:

Courtesy of Tana Hoban-Higgins. Ph.D.,
University of California, Davis
Davis, California