From the 2008 Holiday Lectures—Making Your Mind: Molecules, Motion, and Memory

Development of the human embryonic brain (1 minute 40 seconds)
The brain grows in both the size and the number of neurons it has.
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Molecular activity in Aplysia long-term memory (1 minute 39 seconds)
The sequence of steps that results in new synaptic growth.
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Molecular activity in Aplysia short-term memory (2 minutes 30 seconds)
The sequence of steps that strengthens existing synapses.
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Molecular basis of early LTP (short-term memory) (1 minute 28 seconds)
The sequence of steps that strengthens existing synapses in the mouse.
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Molecular basis of late LTP (long-term memory) (56 seconds)
The sequence of steps that results in new synaptic growth in the mouse.
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Molecular mechanism of synaptic function (1 minute 9 seconds)
The electrical and chemical signals used by neurons.
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Neurons in parietal cortex are active during straddling (1 minute 3 seconds)
The neurons that are active when a cat straddles an obstacle.
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Repellant ephrin signals guide limb innervations (1 minute 35 seconds)
How molecules guide neurons to the appropriate muscles.
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Signal molecules trigger transcription factors (2 minutes 4 seconds)
Determining cell fate via concentrations of signal molecules.
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From the 2003 Holiday Lectures—Learning From Patients: The Science of Medicine

Exclusion Mapping (32 seconds)
A technique for narrowing down a gene's location.
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MECP2 (43 seconds)
An on-off switch for gene expression.
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The Proteasome (1 minute 43 seconds)
How proteins are tagged and disposed of in the cell.
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SCA1 Pedigree (30 seconds)
Visualizing the history of a genetic disorder.
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Tri Nucleotide Repeat (1 minute 7 seconds)
Slippage during DNA replication.
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X Inactivation (55 seconds)
Deactivation of X chromosomes in early development.
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From the 1997 Holiday Lectures—Senses and Sensitivity: Neuronal Alliances for Sight and Sound

The Cochlea (1 minute 30 seconds)
How hearing happens in the ear.
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From the 2007 Holiday Lectures—AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic

Antigen presentation and CTL — 2 minutes 34 seconds
Cells that kill virus-infected cells.
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AZT blocks reverse transcriptase — 1 minute 46 seconds
Stopping the life cycle by blocking reverse transcription.
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HIV life cycle — 4 minutes 52 seconds
How it replicates itself using the host's cellular machinery.
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Protease inhibitors — 1 minute 6 seconds
Inhibitors that prevent maturation of viral proteins.
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U.S. AIDS epidemic — 31 seconds
A visual representation of the epidemic's spread.
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From the 1999 Holiday Lectures—2000 and Beyond: Confronting the Microbe Menace

Bacterial Conjugation (23 seconds)
How drug resistance genes spread.
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E. coli's Infection Strategy (2 minutes 52 seconds)
The molecular tricks it uses to infect your gut.
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Intracellular Infection by Salmonella (1 minute 18 seconds)
How it evades a cell's defense mechanisms.
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Recombination of Viral Genome (3 minutes 5 seconds)
Mixing of genetic material results in novel new strains of influenza.
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Viral Lifecycle (1 minute 8 seconds)
A single virus infects a cell, replicates, and gives rise to many progeny viruses.
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Human Development and Stem Cells — 2 minutes 18 seconds
Human development depends on stem cells.
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Mapping Cell Fates — 1 minute 28 seconds
Embryonic cells and the types of cells they become.
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Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines — 1 minute 37 seconds
How they are created, cultured, and differentiated.
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Cytoplasmic Factors — 56 seconds
A key role in cell development.
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SCNT Animation — 51 seconds
The theory behind therapeutic cloning.
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Zebrafish Heart Regeneration — 2 minutes 29 seconds
Unlike the human heart, its heart can repair damage.
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Newt Limb Regeneration — 1 minute 20 seconds
Fully functional limbs are regrown after amputation.
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Fossil Record —1 minute 26 seconds
Evolutionary change over 15,000 years.
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Gene Switch —1 minute 14 seconds
One mechanism for turning on and off genes.
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Paintbrush Gene — 49 seconds
How different species of flies get different coloration patterns.
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Pitx1 Expression — 54 seconds
A gene that controls spine creation in stickleback fish.
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Pocket Mouse and Predation — 20 seconds
How coloration can lead to vulnerability by predation.
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Pocket Mouse Evolution — 1 minute 4 seconds
Simulates the spread of a favorable mutation.
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Stickleback CT scan — 37 seconds
A rotating 3-D image of a stickleback skeleton.
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Wing Morph — 28 seconds
Gene expression in a butterfly larvae leads to wing spots.
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Body Mass Index (BMI) — 1 minute 21 seconds
How BMI changes for a given height and varying weights.
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The Fate of Fat — 2 minutes 7 seconds
An overview of how dietary fat is processed by the body.
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How a Heart Attack Occurs — 37 seconds
Plaque formation leading to blockage and a heart attack.
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Leptin Feedback Control System — 1 minute 1 second
Changes in leptin levels lead to changes in appetite.
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Leptin Neuronal Rewiring — 1 minute 18 seconds
Rewiring of hypothalamus neurons after providing leptin.
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Location of the Hypothalamus — 33 seconds
Identifies the hypothalamus in a mouse's brain.
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Obesity-Related Health Problems — 1 minute 43 seconds
The gradual effects of obesity on the body.
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PPAR-delta in the Muscle Cell — 1 minute 44 seconds
The PPAR-delta receptor gives rise to fat burning.
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PPAR-gamma in the Fat Cell — 2 minutes 48 seconds
The PPAR-gamma receptor gives rise to fat storage.
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Angiogenesis (1 minute 12 seconds)
How a tumor recruits blood cells; how metastasis occurs.
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Gleevec (1 minute 3 seconds)
Gleevec mimics ATP, binds to a cancer-causing enzyme and blocks its function.
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Mismatch repair (1 minute 22 seconds)
How mistakes made during DNA replication are repaired.
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p53 (25 seconds)
Its role in transcription of mRNA.
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Using p53 to Fight Cancer (1 minute 1 second)
Destroying cancerous cells by using a modified virus.
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VEGF (29 seconds)
How a growing tumor recruits nearby blood vessels.
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Cellular Screening (1 minute 30 seconds)
Techniques to expose large numbers of compounds to treated cells.
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Chemspace (1 minute 34 seconds)
Plotting chemicals at certain points in "chemical space."
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Diversity of Small Molecules (1 minute 56 seconds)
Shows the wide range of molecules, focusing on rapamycin and furrowstatin.
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DOS Matrix (1 minute 20 seconds)
A matrix based on the combination of many different compounds.
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Furrowstatin (4 minutes 41 seconds)
Small molecules controlling furrow formation in a dividing cell.
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Gene Chip Manufacturing (1 minute 56 seconds)
How specific sequences are built up automatically on the chip.
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Molecular Screening (38 seconds)
How a potentially useful small molecule is discovered.
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Myosin II Mechanism (57 seconds)
The molecules involved in furrow formation.
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Rapamycin (1 minute 9 seconds)
How the small molecule rapamycin can superactivate a protein.
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Small-molecule Microarrays (59 seconds)
Useful small molecules can be found using advanced robots.
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Protein Modulation (1 minute 10 seconds)
A small molecule binds to the protein calmodulin.
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Evolution of the Y Chromosome (5 minutes 38 seconds)
How the human Y became so much smaller than its X counterpart.
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Meiosis (5 minutes 52 seconds)
Demonstrates how an XY female or XX male can arise.
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MIX-1 (3 minutes 38 seconds)
A protein involved in dosage compensation.
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The Y Chromosome (2 min 45 seconds--no audio)
Palindromes in the Y's sequence provide clues to its evolution.
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The Drosophila Molecular Clock Model (7 minutes 34 seconds)
The molecular events of the Drosophila biological clock.
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The Human Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (1 minute 40 seconds)
Location of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain
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The Mammalian Molecular Clock Model (3 minutes 40 seconds)
The molecular events of the mammalian biological clock.
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Measuring Circadian Activity in Drosophila (2 minutes 2 seconds)
Activity of a wild-type fly versus a mutant fly with a "fast" internal clock.
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The Visible Heart (no audio)
Semi-transparent views of a human heart model.
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Heart Function (audio)
Pumping and returning blood.
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The T Cell (no audio)
The series of events that result in a T cell immune response.
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RNA Folding (32 seconds)
How RNA forms protein-like structures.
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Replication of DNA (schematic) (50 seconds)
Each strand acts as a template for the construction of the new DNA molecule.
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Replication of DNA (basic detail) (1 minute 6 seconds)
One enzyme unwinds the DNA; others copy the two resulting strands.
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Replication of DNA (advanced detail) (2 minutes 32 seconds)
Both strands of the DNA double helix act as templates for the new DNA strands.
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Transcription of DNA (basic detail) (1 minute 54 seconds)
Reading DNA information to make proteins.
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Transcription of DNA (advanced detail) (1 minute 55 seconds)
The process of copying DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) is called transcription.
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Translation (basic detail) (2 minutes 5 seconds)
A molecular factory that translates genetic information.
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Translation (advanced detail) (3 minutes 4 seconds)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA’s genetic information to the ribosome.
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Packaging DNA (1 minute 43 seconds)
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell.
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Building blocks of DNA (26 seconds)
The nucleic acids that make up DNA..
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Chargaff's Ratio (48 seconds)
An important clue for solving the structure of DNA.
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CML and Gleevec (41 seconds)
Chronic myeloid leukemia and the drug Gleevec.
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Coding sequences in DNA (1 minute 4 seconds)
Of the 3 billion letters in the human genome, only 1% directly code for proteins.
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Damage to DNA leads to mutation (1 minute 6 seconds)
Mutations can accumulate and cause diseases such as cancer.
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Genetic engineering (1 minute 12 seconds)
A new gene can be inserted into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid.
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Human chromosomes (47 seconds)
The human genome is organized into structures called chromosomes.
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Human genome sequencing (1 minute 48 seconds)
The public Human Genome Project started by identifying unique marker sequences.
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mRNA splicing (39 seconds)
Once a gene has been transcribed, its mRNA is edited in a process called splicing.
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Paired DNA strands (1 minute 18 seconds)
If untwisted, DNA looks like two parallel strands.
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Pauling triple helix model (29 seconds)
One of the failed hypothetical models of DNA.
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Polymerase chain reaction (1 minute 27 seconds)
PCR is a technique for making many copies of a specific DNA sequence.
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Sanger method of DNA sequencing (51 seconds)
Fred Sanger developed the first technique for sequencing DNA.
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Shotgun sequencing (59 seconds)
Many copies of the entire genome are “blown up” into millions of small fragments.
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Sickle cell anemia (59 seconds)
A genetic disease that affects hemoglobin.
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Triplet code (1 minute 8 seconds)
A scheme using three letters, a triplet code, is the minimum necessary.
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Watson constructing base pair models (1 minute 42 seconds)
Showing the process of trying to elucidate the structure of DNA.
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