HHMI's Holiday Lectures Video Clips http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/ The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is a philanthropy that supports biomedical research and science education. As part of its mission to strengthen science education, the Institute presents the Holiday Lectures on Science, an annual series that brings the latest developments in a rapidly moving field of research into the classroom. Feeder 1.5.3(378) http://reinventedsoftware.com/feeder/ http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss en © 2007 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Wed, 07 May 2008 12:37:11 -0400 Wed, 07 May 2008 12:37:11 -0400 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/podcast/hhmi2144.jpg Holiday Lectures on Science http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/ 144 144 Howard Hughes Medical Institute no no 2007 HIV/AIDS - U.S. AIDS epidemic http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ U.S. AIDS epidemic
A visual representation of the U.S. AIDS epidemic from 1981 to 1997. Each dot represents 30 cases.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 23:15:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-us-aids-epidemic HHMI U.S. AIDS epidemic A visual representation of the U.S. AIDS epidemic from 1981 to 1997. Each dot represents 30 cases. no 0:30 2007 HIV/AIDS - HIV life cycle http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ HIV life cycle
How HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 23:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-hiv-life-cycle HHMI HIV life cycle How HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery. no 4:52 2007 HIV/AIDS - Antigen presentation and CTL http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Antigen presentation and CTL
How a cell infected by a virus signals cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill the cell before the virus replicates and spreads.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 22:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-antigen-presentation-and-ctl HHMI Antigen presentation and CTL How a cell infected by a virus signals cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill the cell before the virus replicates and spreads. no 2:34 2007 HIV/AIDS - AZT blocks reverse transcriptase http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ AZT blocks reverse transcriptase
HIV's reverse transcriptase mistakes AZT for thymidine. Once incorporated, AZT stops reverse transcription.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 21:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-azt-blocks-reverse-transcriptase HHMI AZT blocks reverse transcriptase HIV's reverse transcriptase mistakes AZT for thymidine. Once incorporated, AZT stops reverse transcription. no 1:46 2007 HIV/AIDS - Protease inhibitor http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Protease inhibitor
Protease inhibitors prevent maturation of viral proteins inside HIV particles.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 20:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-protease-inhibitor HHMI Protease inhibitor Protease inhibitors prevent maturation of viral proteins inside HIV particles. no 1:05 2007 HIV/AIDS - Rapid AIDS virus test http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Rapid AIDS virus test
A live demonstration of how a rapid antibody-based HIV test works.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 19:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-rapid-aids-virus-test HHMI Rapid AIDS virus test A live demonstration of how a rapid antibody-based HIV test works. no 7:37 2007 HIV/AIDS - Symptoms of acute HIV infection http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Symptoms of acute HIV infection
Adam Barrett remembers his symptoms of acute HIV infection.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 18:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-symptoms-of-acute-hiv-infection HHMI Symptoms of acute HIV infection Adam Barrett remembers his symptoms of acute HIV infection. no 0:57 2007 HIV/AIDS - CTL killing a target cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ CTL killing a target cell
Video microscopy of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte in action.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 17:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-ctl-killing-a-target-cell HHMI CTL killing a target cell Video microscopy of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte in action. no 1:16 2007 HIV/AIDS - Benefits of antiretroviral therapy http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Benefits of antiretroviral therapy
Zinhle Thabethe describes how antiretroviral therapy has changed her life.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 16:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-benefits-of-antiretroviral-therapy HHMI Benefits of antiretroviral therapy Zinhle Thabethe describes how antiretroviral therapy has changed her life. no 1:50 2007 HIV/AIDS - Adhering to an antiretroviral regimen http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Adhering to an antiretroviral regimen
Adam Barrett describes his seven-drug antiretroviral regimen and the importance of adherence.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 15:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-adhering-to-an-antiretroviral-regi HHMI Adhering to an antiretroviral regimen Adam Barrett describes his seven-drug antiretroviral regimen and the importance of adherence. no 1:08 2007 HIV/AIDS - Demo: Student adherence activity http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Demo: Student adherence activity
Using tic tac mints as anti-HIV drug stand-ins, students experience the challenges of adhering to an antiretroviral regimen.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-demo-student-adherence-activity HHMI Demo: Student adherence activity Using tic tac mints as anti-HIV drug stand-ins, students experience the challenges of adhering to an antiretroviral regimen. no 4:11 2007 HIV/AIDS - HIV's origins in Africa http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ HIV's origins in Africa
Dr. Beatrice Hahn discusses how HIV originated in Africa by cross-species transmission from chimpanzees to humans.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 13:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-hivs-origins-in-africa HHMI HIV's origins in Africa Dr. Beatrice Hahn discusses how HIV originated in Africa by cross-species transmission from chimpanzees to humans. no 1:10 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: The “gogo” (grandmother) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: The “gogo” (grandmother)
When parents die of AIDS, the orphans often go to live with a "gogo," the Zulu word for grandmother.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 12:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-the-gogo-grandmot HHMI South Africa: The “gogo” (grandmother) When parents die of AIDS, the orphans often go to live with a "gogo," the Zulu word for grandmother. no 2:07 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: Traditional healers http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: Traditional healers
Doctors hope to encourage healers to direct their patients to clinics for TB and AIDS-related diseases.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 11:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-traditional-healers HHMI South Africa: Traditional healers Doctors hope to encourage healers to direct their patients to clinics for TB and AIDS-related diseases. no 2:20 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: St. Mary's Hospital http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: St. Mary's Hospital
How a South African hospital is coping with the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its many related healthcare issues.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 10:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-st-marys-hospital HHMI South Africa: St. Mary’s Hospital How a South African hospital is coping with the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its many related healthcare issues. no 4:11 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: Tuberculosis http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: Tuberculosis
A glimpse of the TB ward at a South African hospital, illustrating an illness associated with the AIDS epidemic.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 09:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-tuberculosis HHMI South Africa: Tuberculosis A glimpse of the TB ward at a South African hospital, illustrating an illness associated with the AIDS epidemic. no 3:09 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: Umndeni Care Program http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: Umndeni Care Program
A program designed to provide health care and housing to South Africans living in poverty.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 08:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-umndeni-care-program HHMI South Africa: Umndeni Care Program A program designed to provide health care and housing to South Africans living in poverty. no 3:52 2007 HIV/AIDS - South Africa: WhizzKids http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ South Africa: WhizzKids
Using soccer to teach children how to make important life choices and how to avoid HIV infection.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 07:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-south-africa-whizzkids HHMI South Africa: WhizzKids Using soccer to teach children how to make important life choices and how to avoid HIV infection. no 3:06 2007 HIV/AIDS - WhizzKids United short film http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ WhizzKids United short film
A six-minute film about a program for boys and girls that uses soccer to develop essential life skills and encourage HIV prevention. WhizzKids United focuses on setting goals, self-control, self-care, social skills, and understanding HIV. Reproduced with permission of Africaid.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 06:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-whizzkids-united-short-film HHMI WhizzKids United short film A six-minute film about a program for boys and girls that uses soccer to develop essential life skills and encourage HIV prevention. WhizzKids United focuses on setting goals, self-control, self-care, social skills, and understanding HIV. Reproduced with permission of Africaid. no 5:53 2007 HIV/AIDS - iThemba short film http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ iThemba short film
A six-minute version of iThemba/Hope, a documentary about strength and resistance in the fight against HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The film features Zinhle Thabethe and the HIV-positive Sinikithemba Choir, who travel from Durban, South Africa, to perform at an international AIDS conference. Reproduced with permission of Murren-Walker Films.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 05:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-ithemba-short-film HHMI iThemba short film A six-minute version of iThemba/Hope, a documentary about strength and resistance in the fight against HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The film features Zinhle Thabethe and the HIV-positive Sinikithemba Choir, who travel from Durban, South Africa, to perform at an international AIDS conference. Reproduced with permission of Murren-Walker Films. no 5:44 2007 HIV/AIDS - Adherence and resistance http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Adherence and resistance
Adam Barrett, a nurse who is HIV positive, discusses his first symptoms and the challenges of adhering to a drug regimen.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 04:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-adherence-and-resistance HHMI Adherence and resistance Adam Barrett, a nurse who is HIV positive, discusses his first symptoms and the challenges of adhering to a drug regimen. no 7:42 2007 HIV/AIDS - Living with HIV http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Living with HIV
Catherine Gaynes, an HIV-positive patient, discusses her HIV diagnosis, how her family reacted, and avoiding HIV infection.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 03:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-living-with-hiv HHMI Living with HIV Catherine Gaynes, an HIV-positive patient, discusses her HIV diagnosis, how her family reacted, and avoiding HIV infection. no 4:47 2007 HIV/AIDS - First AIDS patients http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ First AIDS patients
Dr. Michael Gottlieb was the first physician to notice the new disease of AIDS.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 02:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-first-aids-patients HHMI First AIDS patients Dr. Michael Gottlieb was the first physician to notice the new disease of AIDS. no 5:41 2007 HIV/AIDS - Origins of HIV http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Origins of HIV
Dr. Beatrice Hahn’s research has traced the origin of HIV to Cameroon.

]]> Fri, 11 Apr 2008 01:00:00 -0400 2007-hivaids-origins-of-hiv HHMI Origins of HIV Dr. Beatrice Hahn’s research has traced the origin of HIV to Cameroon. no 5:32 2000 Biological Clocks - The Human Suprachiasmatic Nucleus http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ The Human Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Location of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 07:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-the-human-suprachiasmatic-1 HHMI/Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. The Human Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Location of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain. no 1:40 2000 Biological Clocks - Measuring Circadian Activity in Drosophila http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ Measuring Circadian Activity in Drosophila
Activity of a wild-type fly versus a mutant fly with a "fast" internal clock.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 06:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-measuring-circadian-activ HHMI/Michael Rosbash, Ph.D. Measuring Circadian Activity in Drosophila Activity of a wild-type fly versus a mutant fly with a "fast" internal clock. no 2:02 2000 Biological Clocks - The Drosophila Molecular Clock Model http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ The Drosophila Molecular Clock Model
The molecular events of the Drosophila biological clock.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 05:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-the-drosophila-molecular HHMI/Michael Rosbash, Ph.D. The Drosophila Molecular Clock Model The molecular events of the Drosophila biological clock. no 1:14 2000 Biological Clocks - The Mammalian Molecular Clock Model http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ The Mammalian Molecular Clock Model
The molecular events of the mammalian biological clock.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 04:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-the-mammalian-molecular-c HHMI/Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. The Mammalian Molecular Clock Model The molecular events of the mammalian biological clock. no 3:41 2000 Biological Clocks - Human Circadian Activity http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ Human Circadian Activity
A time-lapse sequence showing the assembly of a T. rex skeleton.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 03:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-human-circadian-activity HHMI/Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. Human Circadian Activity A time-lapse sequence showing the assembly of a T. rex skeleton. no 0:47 2000 Biological Clocks - Mouse Circadian Activity http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ Mouse Circadian Activity
This time lapse videoclip illustrates a mouse's nocturnal behavior.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 02:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-mouse-circadian-activity HHMI/Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. Mouse Circadian Activity This time lapse videoclip illustrates a mouse's nocturnal behavior. no 0:41 2000 Biological Clocks - Interview with Dr. Seymour Benzer http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/ Interview with Dr. Seymour Benzer
Are you a night owl or a morning lark? Noted researcher Dr. Seymour Benzer discusses how the difference between he and his wife sparked his interest in the topic of biological clocks. He is then joined by Dr. Ron Konopka for a brief discussion of how the per gene is involved in mammalian clocks.

]]> Tue, 04 Sep 2007 01:00:00 -0400 2000-biological-clocks-interview-with-dr-seymou HHMI/Joseph S. Takahashi, Ph.D. Interview with Dr. Seymour Benzer Are you a night owl or a morning lark? Noted researcher Dr. Seymour Benzer discusses how the difference between he and his wife sparked his interest in the topic of biological clocks. He is then joined by Dr. Ron Konopka for a brief discussion of how the per gene is involved in mammalian clocks. no 1:40 2001 Sex Determination - Meiosis and Recombination http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Meiosis and Recombination
Meiosis, the form of cell division unique to egg and sperm production, sets the stage for sex determination by creating sperm that carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. But what is it about the X or Y that determines sex?

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 12:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-meiosis-and-recombination HHMI/David C. Page, M.D. Meiosis and Recombination Meiosis, the form of cell division unique to egg and sperm production, sets the stage for sex determination by creating sperm that carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. But what is it about the X or Y that determines sex? no 5:52 2001 Sex Determination - MIX-1 and Dosage Compensation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ MIX-1 and Dosage Compensation
This animation shows how MIX-1 facilitates both chromosome condensation and dosage compensation.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 11:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-mix1-and-dosage-compensa HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. MIX-1 and Dosage Compensation This animation shows how MIX-1 facilitates both chromosome condensation and dosage compensation. no 3:38 2001 Sex Determination - Evolution of the Y Chromosome http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Evolution of the Y Chromosome
How did the human Y chromosome become so small relative to its X counterpart? This animation depicts the 300-million-year odyssey of the sex chromosomes that began when the proto X and Y were an identical pair.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 10:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-evolution-of-the-y-chromo HHMI/David C. Page, M.D. Evolution of the Y Chromosome How did the human Y chromosome become so small relative to its X counterpart? This animation depicts the 300-million-year odyssey of the sex chromosomes that began when the proto X and Y were an identical pair. no 5:38 2001 Sex Determination - C. elegans Mating http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ C. elegans Mating
Video microscopy of mating between a male and a hermaphrodite roundworm C. elegans.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 09:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-celegans-mating HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. C. elegans Mating Video microscopy of mating between a male and a hermaphrodite roundworm C. elegans. no 0:56 2001 Sex Determination - Amoeboid Sperm of C. elegans http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Amoeboid Sperm of C. elegans
Video closeup of the C. elegans sperm that moves like an amoeba.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 08:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-amoeboid-sperm-of-c-eleg HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. Amoeboid Sperm of C. elegans Video closeup of the C. elegans sperm that moves like an amoeba. no 0:11 2001 Sex Determination - From Fertilization to Egg Laying in C. elegans http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ From Fertilization to Egg Laying in C. elegans
Video of the fertilization of the C. elegans oocyte, the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei, and the egg laying.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 07:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-from-fertilization-to-egg HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. From Fertilization to Egg Laying in C. elegans Video of the fertilization of the C. elegans oocyte, the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei, and the egg laying. no 1:12 2001 Sex Determination - Embryonic Cell Division in C. elegans http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Embryonic Cell Division in C. elegans
Time-lapse microscopy showing cell division from 1 to 2 to 4 cell stages in C. elegans with fluorescent chromosomes.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 06:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-embryonic-cell-division-i HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. Embryonic Cell Division in C. elegans Time-lapse microscopy showing cell division from 1 to 2 to 4 cell stages in C. elegans with fluorescent chromosomes. no 1:30 2001 Sex Determination - Sperm Motility http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Sperm Motility
Video microscopy of sperm motility in an average human male and an infertile human male.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 05:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-sperm-motility HHMI/David C. Page, M.D. Sperm Motility Video microscopy of sperm motility in an average human male and an infertile human male. no 0:20 2001 Sex Determination - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Video microscopy demonstrating how sperm from an infertile male can be injected into a female egg.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 04:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-intracytoplasmic-sperm-in HHMI/David C. Page, M.D. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Video microscopy demonstrating how sperm from an infertile male can be injected into a female egg. no 1:15 2001 Sex Determination - Clonal vs. Sexual Reproduction http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Clonal vs. Sexual Reproduction
What does a stack of fruits and vegetables have to do with the theoretical advantages of sexual reproduction? Find out in this demonstration with student audience members and Dr. David Page.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 03:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-clonal-vs-sexual-reprodu HHMI/David C. Page, M.D. Clonal vs. Sexual Reproduction What does a stack of fruits and vegetables have to do with the theoretical advantages of sexual reproduction? Find out in this demonstration with student audience members and Dr. David Page. no 8:56 2001 Sex Determination - Regulation of Sex Determination in C. elegans http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Regulation of Sex Determination in C. elegans
A demonstration showing how a balance of molecular elements trigger genetic pathways that determine the sex.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 02:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-regulation-of-sex-determi HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. Regulation of Sex Determination in C. elegans A demonstration showing how a balance of molecular elements trigger genetic pathways that determine the sex. no 6:03 2001 Sex Determination - Dosage Compensation in C. elegans http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gender/ Dosage Compensation in C. elegans
A demonstration of a branched genetic pathway can be affected by mutations in different parts of the pathway.

]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 01:00:00 -0400 2001-sex-determination-dosage-compensation-in-c HHMI/Barbara J. Meyer, Ph.D. Dosage Compensation in C. elegans A demonstration of a branched genetic pathway can be affected by mutations in different parts of the pathway. no 3:49 1995 RNA - Dr. Thomas Cech - On Becoming a Scientist http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ Dr. Thomas Cech - On Becoming a Scientist
HHMI President Dr. Thomas Cech discusses the path he took to become a scientist and describes the experience of receiving a Nobel Prize.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 06:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-dr-thomas-cech-on-becoming-a-scienti HHMI/Thomas R. Cech Dr. Thomas Cech - On Becoming a Scientist HHMI President Dr. Thomas Cech discusses the path he took to become a scientist and describes the experience of receiving a Nobel Prize. no 9:15 1995 RNA - Enzymes That Are Not Proteins: The Discovery of Ribozymes http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ Enzymes That Are Not Proteins: The Discovery of Ribozymes
Listen to HHMI President Dr. Thomas Cech discussing his Nobel Prize–winning discovery of RNA's catalytic properties. Includes animations newly created for the discussion.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 05:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-ribozymes HHMI/Thomas R. Cech Enzymes That Are Not Proteins: The Discovery of Ribozymes Listen to HHMI President Dr. Thomas Cech discussing his Nobel Prize–winning discovery of RNA's catalytic properties. Includes animations newly created for the discussion. no 19:04 1995 RNA - RNA Fold Animation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ RNA Fold Animation
Since RNA is single-stranded, it can fold upon itself and form structures that are protein-like in both appearance and functionality.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 04:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-rna-fold-animation HHMI/Thomas R. Cech RNA Fold Animation Since RNA is single-stranded, it can fold upon itself and form structures that are protein-like in both appearance and functionality. no 0:32 1995 RNA - Which Balloon Has Hydrogen? http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ Which Balloon Has Hydrogen?
Air is an invisible gas as are hydrogen and helium. How can you tell if a balloon contains hydrogen? Hydrogen has particular physical and chemical properties that can be tested. Dr. Cech enlists student volunteers to show how a chemical reaction can be used to identify a substance.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 03:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-which-balloon-has-hydrogen HHMI/Thomas R. Cech Which Balloon Has Hydrogen? Air is an invisible gas as are hydrogen and helium. How can you tell if a balloon contains hydrogen? Hydrogen has particular physical and chemical properties that can be tested. Dr. Cech enlists student volunteers to show how a chemical reaction can be used to identify a substance. no 5:06 1995 RNA - Mr. Lincoln Glows http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ Mr. Lincoln Glows
A catalyst is a substance that greatly accelerates a chemical reaction and yet does not directly participate in the reaction and is therefore not consumed. Dr. Cech uses a penny and a beaker of acetone to illustrate how a catalyst works.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 02:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-mr-lincoln-glows HHMI/Thomas R. Cech Mr. Lincoln Glows A catalyst is a substance that greatly accelerates a chemical reaction and yet does not directly participate in the reaction and is therefore not consumed. Dr. Cech uses a penny and a beaker of acetone to illustrate how a catalyst works. no 4:04 1995 RNA - Oxalate Catalysis http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/rna/ Oxalate Catalysis
Without an appropriate catalyst some chemical reactions would be so slow as to appear not to occur at all on the human timescale. However, when catalyzed, these reactions can be very dramatic. Dr. Cech shows a very colorful reaction involving oxalate catalysis.

]]> Mon, 02 Jul 2007 01:00:00 -0400 1995-rna-oxalate-catalysis HHMI/Thomas R. Cech Oxalate Catalysis Without an appropriate catalyst some chemical reactions would be so slow as to appear not to occur at all on the human timescale. However, when catalyzed, these reactions can be very dramatic. Dr. Cech shows a very colorful reaction involving oxalate catalysis. no 6:08 1999 Infectious Diseases - Viral Infection http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Viral Infection
A brief overview of the life cycle of viruses.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 23:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-viral-infection HHMI/Donald E. Ganem, M.D. Viral Infection A brief overview of the life cycle of viruses. no 1:07 1999 Infectious Diseases - Conjugation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Conjugation
An animation showing how bacteria share genes that encode resistance to antibiotics.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 22:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-conjugation HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Conjugation An animation showing how bacteria share genes that encode resistance to antibiotics. no 0:23 1999 Infectious Diseases - E. coli's Infection Strategy http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ E. coli's Infection Strategy
This animation shows the molecular tricks that an infectious strain of Escherichia coli uses to infect your gut.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 21:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-ecoli-infection HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. E. coli's Infection Strategy This animation shows the molecular tricks that an infectious strain of Escherichia coli uses to infect your gut. no 2:59 1999 Infectious Diseases - Intracellular Infection by Salmonella http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Intracellular Infection by Salmonella
In this animation, you can see how one S. typhimurium invades an epithelial cell of the intestinal tract, survives the intracellular defense mechanisms of the host cell, and multiplies.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 20:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-intracellular-infection HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Intracellular Infection by Salmonella In this animation, you can see how one S. typhimurium invades an epithelial cell of the intestinal tract, survives the intracellular defense mechanisms of the host cell, and multiplies. no 1:18 1999 Infectious Diseases - Recombination of Viral RNA in a Host Cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Recombination of Viral RNA in a Host Cell
See how different influenza virus strains can be generated by a process called subunit reassortment.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 19:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-recombination-of-viral HHMI/Donald E. Ganem, M.D. Recombination of Viral RNA in a Host Cell See how different influenza virus strains can be generated by a process called subunit reassortment. no 3:05 1999 Infectious Diseases - Bacterial Growth http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Bacterial Growth
Time-lapse video shows how quickly a single bacterium can give rise to millions.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 18:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-bacterial-growth HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Bacterial Growth Time-lapse video shows how quickly a single bacterium can give rise to millions. no 0:54 1999 Infectious Diseases - Penicillin Killing E. coli http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Penicillin Killing E. coli
A video showing how penicillin weakens bacterial cell walls, causing them to literally burst open.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 17:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-penicillin-killing-e-c HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Penicillin Killing E. coli A video showing how penicillin weakens bacterial cell walls, causing them to literally burst open. no 0:32 1999 Infectious Diseases - Living Salmonella Invading a Cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Living Salmonella Invading a Cell
Dr. Brett Finlay shows live Salmonella under the microscope to demonstrate how far and fast they can move.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 16:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-living-salmonella-invad HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Living Salmonella Invading a Cell Dr. Brett Finlay shows live Salmonella under the microscope to demonstrate how far and fast they can move. no 0:23 1999 Infectious Diseases - Live Listeria Moving Inside the Host Cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Live Listeria Moving Inside the Host Cell
Video showing how Listeria move through cells they have infected.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 15:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-live-listeria-moving-in HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Live Listeria Moving Inside the Host Cell Video showing how Listeria move through cells they have infected. no 0:59 1999 Infectious Diseases - Size Analogies of Bacteria and Viruses http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Size Analogy of Infectious Agents
Dr. Donald Ganem and Dr. Brett Finlay use physical analogies to compare the size of bacteria and viruses relative to a standard mammalian cell.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 14:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-size-analogies-of-bacte HHMI/Donald E. Ganem, M.D./B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Size Analogy of Infectious Agents Dr. Donald Ganem and Dr. Brett Finlay use physical analogies to compare the size of bacteria and viruses relative to a standard mammalian cell. no 1:44 1999 Infectious Diseases - Cheek Cells and Bacteria http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Cheek Cells and Bacteria
Dr. Brett Finlay enlists a student volunteer to show the surprisingly high amount of bacteria found in his own mouth.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 12:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-cheek-cells-and-bacteri HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Cheek Cells and Bacteria Dr. Brett Finlay enlists a student volunteer to show the surprisingly high amount of bacteria found in his own mouth. no 1:31 1999 Infectious Diseases - Transmission of Disease on an Airplane http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Transmission of Disease on an Airplane
Dr. Brett Finlay, using his student audience, gives a live demonstration of how a antibiotic-resistant strain of tuberculosis managed to spread through the passengers on an airplane.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 11:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-transmission-of-disease HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Transmission of Disease on an Airplane Dr. Brett Finlay, using his student audience, gives a live demonstration of how a antibiotic-resistant strain of tuberculosis managed to spread through the passengers on an airplane. no 2:07 1999 Infectious Diseases - Virulence Injection Simulation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Virulence Injection Simulation
Using a bagel, a syringe, and blue dye to illustrate how some virulent strains of bacteria inject virulence factors into a cell.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 10:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-virulence-injection-sim HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Virulence Injection Simulation Using a bagel, a syringe, and blue dye to illustrate how some virulent strains of bacteria inject virulence factors into a cell. no 2:01 1999 Infectious Diseases - Salmonella Infection Demonstration http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Salmonella Infection Demonstration
Dr. Brett Finlay and another student volunteer illustrate how Salmonella infects a cell, using a marble, plastic wrap, and some yellow gelatin.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 09:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-salmonella-infection-de HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Salmonella Infection Demonstration Dr. Brett Finlay and another student volunteer illustrate how Salmonella infects a cell, using a marble, plastic wrap, and some yellow gelatin. no 1:21 1999 Infectious Diseases - Listeria Infection Demonstration http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ Listeria Infection Demonstration
Dr. Brett Finlay and a student volunteer show how Listeria infects a cell, using a marble and some yellow gelatin.

]]> Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:00:00 -0400 1999-infectious-diseases-listeria-infection-demo HHMI/B. Brett Finlay, Ph.D. Listeria Infection Demonstration Dr. Brett Finlay and a student volunteer show how Listeria infects a cell, using a marble and some yellow gelatin. no 1:03 2003 Cancer - Angiogenesis http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html Angiogenesis
A cancer tumor forms in a bed of healthy cells. The animation goes on to show how the tumor recruits blood vessels and how metastasis occurs.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 23:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-angiogenesis HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. Angiogenesis A cancer tumor forms in a bed of healthy cells. The animation goes on to show how the tumor recruits blood vessels and how metastasis occurs. no 1:12 2003 Cancer - Mismatch Repair http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html Mismatch Repair
This animation illustrates how mistakes made during DNA replication are repaired.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 22:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-mismatch-repair HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. Mismatch Repair This animation illustrates how mistakes made during DNA replication are repaired. no 1:22 2003 Cancer - p53 Function http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html p53 Function
A 3D animation showing how the molecule p53 binds to DNA and initiates the transcription of mRNA.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 21:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-p53-function HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. p53 Function A 3D animation showing how the molecule p53 binds to DNA and initiates the transcription of mRNA. no 0:25 2003 Cancer - Gleevec http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html Gleevec
Gleevec is a drug designed to interfere with the stimulation of growth in leukemia cells. This 3D animation shows how this is achieved.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 20:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-gleevec HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. Gleevec Gleevec is a drug designed to interfere with the stimulation of growth in leukemia cells. This 3D animation shows how this is achieved. no 1:04 2003 Cancer - Using p53 to Fight Cancer http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html Using p53 to Fight Cancer
This animation demonstrates how cancerous cells could be destroyed using a modified virus.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 19:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-using-p53-to-fight-cancer HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. Using p53 to Fight Cancer This animation demonstrates how cancerous cells could be destroyed using a modified virus. no 1:02 2003 Cancer - VEGF http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html VEGF
This animation shows how a growing tumor can recruit nearby blood vessels in order to gain a supply of blood.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 18:00:00 -0400 2003-cancer-vegf HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. VEGF This animation shows how a growing tumor can recruit nearby blood vessels in order to gain a supply of blood. no 0:30 2003 Cancer - Colonoscopy and Polyp Removal http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/cancer/index.html Colonoscopy and Polyp Removal
Endoscopic video of the polyp removal procedure during a colonoscopy.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 17:30:00 -0400 2003-cancer-colonoscopy-and-polyp-removal HHMI/Bert Volgelstein, M.D. Colonoscopy and Polyp Removal Endoscopic video of the polyp removal procedure during a colonoscopy. no 0:35 2003 Neuroscience - SCA1 pedigree http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html SCA1 pedigree
An extensive analysis of a family tree reveals important information on how spinocerebellar ataxia worsens throughout generations.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 17:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-sca1-pedigree HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. SCA1 pedigree An extensive analysis of a family tree reveals important information on how spinocerebellar ataxia worsens throughout generations. no 0:29 2003 Neuroscience - Tri Nucleotide Repeat http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Tri Nucleotide Repeat
Slippage during DNA replication can lead to expanding sections of repeating nucleotides. Watch this animation to see how this problem occurs.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 16:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-tri-nucleotide-repeat HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Tri Nucleotide Repeat Slippage during DNA replication can lead to expanding sections of repeating nucleotides. Watch this animation to see how this problem occurs. no 1:08 2003 Neuroscience - The Proteasome http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html The Proteasome
A 3D animation showing how proteins in the cell are tagged for disposal and degraded by the proteasome.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 15:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-the-proteasome HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. The Proteasome A 3D animation showing how proteins in the cell are tagged for disposal and degraded by the proteasome. no 1:43 2003 Neuroscience - X Inactivation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html X Inactivation
This animation shows how the random deactivation of one of the X chromosomes in a pair can lead to a mozaicism in the expression genes.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 14:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-xinactivation HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. X Inactivation This animation shows how the random deactivation of one of the X chromosomes in a pair can lead to a mozaicism in the expression genes. no 0:55 2003 Neuroscience - Exclusion Mapping http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Exclusion Mapping
A useful technique for narrowing down the location of a gene involves comparing the chromosomes of affected siblings. Two sisters with Rett syndrome allow researchers an opportunity to map the most likely location of the gene by excluding areas of the chromosome that are not alike.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 13:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-exclusion-mapping HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Exclusion Mapping A useful technique for narrowing down the location of a gene involves comparing the chromosomes of affected siblings. Two sisters with Rett syndrome allow researchers an opportunity to map the most likely location of the gene by excluding areas of the chromosome that are not alike. no 0:31 2003 Neuroscience - MECP2 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html MECP2
This animation shows how the protein MECP2, in conjuction with another protein complex, can act as an "on-off' switch for gene expression.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 12:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-mecp2 HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. MECP2 This animation shows how the protein MECP2, in conjuction with another protein complex, can act as an "on-off' switch for gene expression. no 0:44 2003 Neuroscience - Spinocerebellar Ataxia Case Study http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Spinocerebellar Ataxia Case Study
Dr. Huda Zoghbi interviews Milan Cloud, a patient who has inherited the neurological disorder spinocerebellar ataxia 1, or SCA1.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 11:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-spinocerebellar-ataxia-case-st HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Case Study Dr. Huda Zoghbi interviews Milan Cloud, a patient who has inherited the neurological disorder spinocerebellar ataxia 1, or SCA1. no 3:32 2003 Neuroscience - SCA1 Mouse on Rotarod http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html SCA1 Mouse on Rotarod
Dr. Zoghbi demonstrates how mice that have been given the gene responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) are tested on a device called a rotarod to quantify the amount of ataxia present.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 10:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-sca1-mouse-on-rotarod HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. SCA1 Mouse on Rotarod Dr. Zoghbi demonstrates how mice that have been given the gene responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) are tested on a device called a rotarod to quantify the amount of ataxia present. no 0:34 2003 Neuroscience - Rett Syndrome http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Rett Syndrome
Dr. Zoghbi introduces the topic of Rett syndrome by showing how development usually progresses in a young girl. She then shows an excerpt from Silent Angels, introduced by Julia Roberts, which shows how Rett syndrome affects development.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 08:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-rett-syndrome HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Rett Syndrome Dr. Zoghbi introduces the topic of Rett syndrome by showing how development usually progresses in a young girl. She then shows an excerpt from Silent Angels, introduced by Julia Roberts, which shows how Rett syndrome affects development. no 2:51 2003 Neuroscience - Rett Syndrome Mouse http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Rett Syndrome Mouse
Dr. Zoghbi shows how a mouse that has been given the gene responsible for Rett syndrome exhibits some of the same neurological symptoms as human Rett patients.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 07:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-rett-syndrome-mouse HHMI/Huda Y. Zoghbi, M.D. Rett Syndrome Mouse Dr. Zoghbi shows how a mouse that has been given the gene responsible for Rett syndrome exhibits some of the same neurological symptoms as human Rett patients. no 1:13 2003 Cancer/Neuroscience - Learning from Mice: The Science of Transgenic Technology http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/neuroscience/index.html Learning from Mice: The Science of Transgenic Technology
What do humans, flies, and worms have in common? More than you might think. See how transgenic organisms are engineered, and how they enable researchers to study genetic diseases.

]]> Mon, 07 May 2007 06:00:00 -0400 2003-neuroscience-learning-from-mice-the-scienc HHMI Learning from Mice: The Science of Transgenic Technology What do humans, flies, and worms have in common? More than you might think. See how transgenic organisms are engineered, and how they enable researchers to study genetic diseases. no 11:06 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Small-Molecule Diversity http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Small-Modecule Diversity]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 23:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-smallmolecule-d HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Small-Modecule Diversity no 1:17 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - A Small Molecule Inactivates a Protein http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html A Small Molecule Inactivates a Protein
This animation illustrates how a small molecule binds to a protein. As a result of the binding, the protein alters its shape and becomes inactivated.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 22:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-asmall-molecu HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. A Small Molecule Inactivates a Protein This animation illustrates how a small molecule binds to a protein. As a result of the binding, the protein alters its shape and becomes inactivated. no 0:38 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - A Small Molecule Superactivates a Protein http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html A Small Molecule Superactivates a Protein
Rapamycin is a small molecule originally isolated from nature. It has antibiotic and immunosuppressive properties. It also allows two proteins which do not normally interact to bind together in the cell, which causes problems in the nutrient-sensing pathway.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 21:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-asmall-molecu-1 HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. A Small Molecule Superactivates a Protein Rapamycin is a small molecule originally isolated from nature. It has antibiotic and immunosuppressive properties. It also allows two proteins which do not normally interact to bind together in the cell, which causes problems in the nutrient-sensing pathway. no 0:56 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Furrowstatin Reversibly Affects Cell Division http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Furrowstatin Reversibly Affects Cell Division
The small molecule 'furrowstatin' exemplifies the power of using small molecules to investigate life's processes. When applied to dividing cells, the furrowstatin halts cell division.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 20:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-furrowstatin-r HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Furrowstatin Reversibly Affects Cell Division The small molecule 'furrowstatin' exemplifies the power of using small molecules to investigate life's processes. When applied to dividing cells, the furrowstatin halts cell division. no 1:29 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - How to Make 88,400 Small Molecules http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html How to Make 88,400 Small Molecules
In diversity-oriented synthesis, many combinations of chemical building blocks undergo relatively few reaction steps to form a vast variety of different molecules. In this example, 45 x 45 x 45 combinations yield more than 88,000 novel molecules.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 18:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-how-to-make-88 HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. How to Make 88,400 Small Molecules In diversity-oriented synthesis, many combinations of chemical building blocks undergo relatively few reaction steps to form a vast variety of different molecules. In this example, 45 x 45 x 45 combinations yield more than 88,000 novel molecules. no 1:24 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Screening Molecules with a Protein http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Screening Molecules with a Protein
After a chemical biologist has made many novel small molecules by diversity-oriented synthesis, the next step is to find those that are useful. Molecules need to be "screened." Conceptually, screening is like using proteins as a custom filter to catch potentially useful small molecules.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 17:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-screening-mole HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Screening Molecules with a Protein After a chemical biologist has made many novel small molecules by diversity-oriented synthesis, the next step is to find those that are useful. Molecules need to be "screened." Conceptually, screening is like using proteins as a custom filter to catch potentially useful small molecules. no 0:43 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Small-Molecule Microarray http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Small-Molecule Microarray
To screen many small molecules at once, microarray technology is useful. Automated devices have made it possible for thousands of different small molecules to be printed as an array of spots on a glass slide. A single type of protein which has been tagged with a fluorescent marker can then be washed across the array. Any small molecule that binds to the protein can be detected by scanning for spots that are fluorescent.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 16:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-smallmolecule HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Small-Molecule Microarray To screen many small molecules at once, microarray technology is useful. Automated devices have made it possible for thousands of different small molecules to be printed as an array of spots on a glass slide. A single type of protein which has been tagged with a fluorescent marker can then be washed across the array. Any small molecule that binds to the protein can be detected by scanning for spots that are fluorescent. no 0:56 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Cell-Based Screening http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Cell-Based Screening
One technique for discovering small molecules of biological relevance is to expose cultured cells to a variety of small molecules and look for changes in the cells' appearance, behavior or other measurable qualities.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 15:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-cellbased-scr HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Cell-Based Screening One technique for discovering small molecules of biological relevance is to expose cultured cells to a variety of small molecules and look for changes in the cells' appearance, behavior or other measurable qualities. no 1:14 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Chemical Space and Biology Space http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Chemical Space and Biology Space
The hypothetical relationship of chemical space and biological space is plotted on a three-dimensional graph, giving a glimpse of the future direction of research at the intersections of various disciplines.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 14:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-chemical-space HHMI/Stuart L. Schreiber, Ph.D. Chemical Space and Biology Space The hypothetical relationship of chemical space and biological space is plotted on a three-dimensional graph, giving a glimpse of the future direction of research at the intersections of various disciplines. no 1:19 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Diversity-Oriented Synthesis http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Diversity-Oriented Synthesis
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is a strategy used by chemical biologists to create a huge diversity of small molecules with potentially useful properties. A young scientist working in Dr. Stuart Schreiber's lab shows us how engineering, computer science, chemisty, and biology are all used in DOS.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 13:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-diversityorie HHMI Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is a strategy used by chemical biologists to create a huge diversity of small molecules with potentially useful properties. A young scientist working in Dr. Stuart Schreiber's lab shows us how engineering, computer science, chemisty, and biology are all used in DOS. no 5:40 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Microarrayer In Action http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Microarrayer In Action
How a microarraying robot delivers hundreds of small molecules to a series of slides.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 12:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-microarrayer-i HHMI Microarrayer In Action How a microarraying robot delivers hundreds of small molecules to a series of slides. no 2:00 2002 Genomics & Chemical Genetics - Gene Chip Manufacturing http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genomics/index.html Gene Chip Manufacturing
Dr. Eric Lander describes the process used to manufacture gene chips. Gene chips, also called DNA microarrays, have a broad range of applications in current research, including enabling researchers to measure the activity of thousands of genes simultaneously.

]]> Mon, 02 Apr 2007 11:00:00 -0400 2002-genomics-chemical-genetics-gene-chip-manu HHMI/Eric S. Lander, Ph.D. Gene Chip Manufacturing Dr. Eric Lander describes the process used to manufacture gene chips. Gene chips, also called DNA microarrays, have a broad range of applications in current research, including enabling researchers to measure the activity of thousands of genes simultaneously. no 1:50 2006 Stem Cells - Human Embryonic Development http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Human Embryonic Development
Many steps are involved in the process of development from a fertilized egg to an early stage embryo.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 13:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-human-embryonic-development-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Human Embryonic Development Many steps are involved in the process of development from a fertilized egg to an early stage embryo. no 2:17 2006 Stem Cells - Differentiation and the Fate of Cells http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Differentiation and the Fate of Cells
In a differentiating embryo, cells gradually become fated to develop into specific tissue types.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 12:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-differentiation-and-the-fate-of-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Differentiation and the Fate of Cells In a differentiating embryo, cells gradually become fated to develop into specific tissue types. no 1:29 2006 Stem Cells - Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
When maintained in cultures, embryonic stem cells can grow indefinitely and can become many cell types.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 11:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-creating-embryonic-stem-cell-lin-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Creating Embryonic Stem Cell Lines When maintained in cultures, embryonic stem cells can grow indefinitely and can become many cell types. no 1:38 2006 Stem Cells - Newt Limb Regeneration http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Newt Limb Regeneration
Newts and salamanders are able to regenerate lost limbs by using cells similar to stem cells.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 10:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-newt-limb-regeneration-1 HHMI/Nadia Rosenthal, Ph.D. Newt Limb Regeneration Newts and salamanders are able to regenerate lost limbs by using cells similar to stem cells. no 1:21 2006 Stem Cells - Zebrafish Heart Regeneration http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Zebrafish Heart Regeneration
The human heart is incapable of self-healing, but a zebrafish heart can regrow entire lost sections.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 09:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-zebrafish-heart-regeneration-1 HHMI/Nadia Rosenthal, Ph.D. Zebrafish Heart Regeneration The human heart is incapable of self-healing, but a zebrafish heart can regrow entire lost sections. no 2:31 2006 Stem Cells - Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
In this cloning technique, a nucleus injected into an egg is reprogrammed and regains developmental potential.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 08:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-s-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) In this cloning technique, a nucleus injected into an egg is reprogrammed and regains developmental potential. no 0:51 2006 Stem Cells - Planarian Regeneration and Stem Cells http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Planarian Regeneration and Stem Cells
A mini-documentary discussing the remarkable regenerative capabilities of the planarian, and how HHMI researcher Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado uses them to study the biology of stem cells.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 07:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-planarian-regeneration-and-stem-1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Planarian Regeneration and Stem Cells A mini-documentary discussing the remarkable regenerative capabilities of the planarian, and how HHMI researcher Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado uses them to study the biology of stem cells. no 11:48 2006 Stem Cells - Using a DNA Chip to Study Gene Expression http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Using a DNA Chip to Study Gene Expression
Dr. Melton uses a children's toy and a neuron model to describe how gene expression is analyzed.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 06:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-using-a-dna-chip-to-study-gene-e-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Using a DNA Chip to Study Gene Expression Dr. Melton uses a children's toy and a neuron model to describe how gene expression is analyzed. no 1:41 2006 Stem Cells - Human ES Cells Differentiating Into Heart Cells http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Human ES Cells Differentiating Into Heart Cells
Embryonic stem cells in culture can spontaneously differentiate into beating cardiac muscle cells.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 05:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-human-es-cells-differentiating-i-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Human ES Cells Differentiating Into Heart Cells Embryonic stem cells in culture can spontaneously differentiate into beating cardiac muscle cells. no 1:17 2006 Stem Cells - The Fire-Bellied Newt http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html The Fire-Bellied Newt
Newts are able to regenerate lost limbs. Dr. Rosenthal shows a fire-bellied newt.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 04:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-the-firebellied-newt-1 HHMI/Nadia Rosenthal, Ph.D. The Fire-Bellied Newt Newts are able to regenerate lost limbs. Dr. Rosenthal shows a fire-bellied newt. no 2:21 2006 Stem Cells - Regeneration of Deer Antlers http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Regeneration of Deer Antlers
Dr. Rosenthal discusses one of the few instances of mammalian regeneration--the antlers of a deer.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 03:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-regeneration-of-deer-antlers-1 HHMI/Nadia Rosenthal, Ph.D. Regeneration of Deer Antlers Dr. Rosenthal discusses one of the few instances of mammalian regeneration--the antlers of a deer. no 2:18 2006 Stem Cells - Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Video microscopy shows how nuclei are removed from eggs and replaced with new nuclei in SCNT.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 02:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-cloning-by-somatic-cell-nuclear-1 HHMI/Douglas A. Melton, Ph.D. Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Video microscopy shows how nuclei are removed from eggs and replaced with new nuclei in SCNT. no 1:59 2006 Stem Cells - Cause and Effect of a Heart Attack http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Cause and Effect of a Heart Attack
Using models of a heart and a coronary artery, Dr. Rosenthal describes how a heart attack occurs.

]]> Tue, 06 Mar 2007 01:00:00 -0400 2006-stem-cells-cause-and-effect-of-a-heart-atta HHMI/Nadia Rosenthal, Ph.D. Cause and Effect of a Heart Attack Using models of a heart and a coronary artery, Dr. Rosenthal describes how a heart attack occurs. no 2:50 1998 Cardiovascular Diseases - Echocardiogram http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Echocardiogram
Dr. Christine Seidman describes a live demonstration of an echocardiogram, with a description of the parts of the heart that are visualized.

]]> Mon, 05 Feb 2007 01:00:00 -0500 1998-cardiovascular-diseases-echocardiogram HHMI/Christine E. Seidman, M.D. Echocardiogram Dr. Christine Seidman describes a live demonstration of an echocardiogram, with a description of the parts of the heart that are visualized. no 4:44 1998 Cardiovascular Diseases - Kidney Function http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/index.html Kidney Function
Dr. Richard Lifton, along with student volunteers, uses an aquarium and salt to illustrate the amount of work the kidney performs each day to maintain proper levels of ions in the body.

]]> Mon, 05 Feb 2007 00:00:00 -0500 1998-cardiovascular-diseases-kidney-function HHMI/Richard P. Lifton, M.D., Ph.D. Kidney Function Dr. Richard Lifton, along with student volunteers, uses an aquarium and salt to illustrate the amount of work the kidney performs each day to maintain proper levels of ions in the body. no 8:25 2004 Obesity - Body Mass Index (BMI) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Body Mass Index (BMI)
Comparison of the change in BMI for a given height and varying weights. Shows why BMI is inaccurate for muscular people.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 12:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-body-mass-index-bmi HHMI/Jeffrey M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Body Mass Index (BMI) Comparison of the change in BMI for a given height and varying weights. Shows why BMI is inaccurate for muscular people. no 1:22 2004 Obesity - Leptin Feedback Control System http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Leptin Feedback Control System
Demonstrates how changes in the amount of fat tissue lead to changes in leptin levels and thus changes in appetite.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 11:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-leptin-feedback-control-system HHMI/Jeffrey M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Leptin Feedback Control System Demonstrates how changes in the amount of fat tissue lead to changes in leptin levels and thus changes in appetite. no 1:02 2004 Obesity - Location of the Hypothalamus http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Location of the Hypothalamus
A 3-D animation that shows the location of the hypothalamus in a mouse's brain.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 10:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-location-of-the-hypothalamus HHMI/Jeffrey M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Location of the Hypothalamus A 3-D animation that shows the location of the hypothalamus in a mouse's brain. no 0:33 2004 Obesity - Leptin Neuronal Rewiring http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Leptin Neuronal Rewiring
Illustrates how providing leptin to an obese mouse rapidly rewires its hypothalamus neurons.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 09:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-leptin-neuronal-rewiring HHMI/Jeffrey M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Leptin Neuronal Rewiring Illustrates how providing leptin to an obese mouse rapidly rewires its hypothalamus neurons. no 1:18 2004 Obesity - The Fate of Fat http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html The Fate of Fat
An overview of how dietary fat gets digested, packaged, and sent to various tissue for storage and energy.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 08:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-the-fate-of-fat HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. The Fate of Fat An overview of how dietary fat gets digested, packaged, and sent to various tissue for storage and energy. no 2:08 2004 Obesity - Obesity-Related Health Problems http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Obesity-Related Health Problems
A timeline illustrating the gradual effects of obesity on the body, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 07:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-obesityrelated-health-problems HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. Obesity-Related Health Problems A timeline illustrating the gradual effects of obesity on the body, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack. no 1:43 2004 Obesity - How a Heart Attack Occurs http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html How a Heart Attack Occurs
A 3-D animation that shows how plaques form in a blood vessel, leading to blockage and a heart attack.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 06:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-how-a-heart-attack-occurs HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. How a Heart Attack Occurs A 3-D animation that shows how plaques form in a blood vessel, leading to blockage and a heart attack. no 0:36 2004 Obesity - PPAR-gamma Activation in the Fat Cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html PPAR-gamma Activation in the Fat Cell
The PPAR-gamma receptor activates certain genes in a fat cell, resulting in the storage of fat and changes in hormone levels.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 05:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-ppargamma-activation-in-the-fat-ce HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. PPAR-gamma Activation in the Fat Cell The PPAR-gamma receptor activates certain genes in a fat cell, resulting in the storage of fat and changes in hormone levels. no 2:49 2004 Obesity - PPAR-delta Activation in the Muscle Cell http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html PPAR-delta Activation in the Muscle Cell
The PPAR-delta receptor activates certain genes in a muscle cell, resulting in the burning of fat.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 04:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-ppardelta-activation-in-the-muscle HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. PPAR-delta Activation in the Muscle Cell The PPAR-delta receptor activates certain genes in a muscle cell, resulting in the burning of fat. no 1:44 2004 Obesity - Behavior of Obese and Normal Mice http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Behavior of Obese and Normal Mice
A time-lapse video that shows the relative amounts of activity between a normal and an obese mouse.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 03:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-behavior-of-obese-and-normal-mice HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. Behavior of Obese and Normal Mice A time-lapse video that shows the relative amounts of activity between a normal and an obese mouse. no 0:29 2004 Obesity - PPAR-delta Mouse on a Treadmill http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html PPAR-delta Mouse on a Treadmill
Shows how a genetically engineered PPAR-delta mouse outperforms a normal mouse in running on a treadmill.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 02:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-ppardelta-mouse-on-a-treadmill HHMI/Ronald M. Evans, Ph.D. PPAR-delta Mouse on a Treadmill Shows how a genetically engineered PPAR-delta mouse outperforms a normal mouse in running on a treadmill. no 0:52 2004 Obesity - Pima Indians and Obesity http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/index.html Pima Indians and Obesity
A video clip that compares two populations of Pima Indians, and how their lifestyles reflect their differing obesity rates.

]]> Thu, 04 Jan 2007 01:00:00 -0500 2004-obesity-pima-indians-and-obesity HHMI Pima Indians and Obesity A video clip that compares two populations of Pima Indians, and how their lifestyles reflect their differing obesity rates. no 2:35 2005 Evolution - Galapagos Creatures http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Galapagos Creatures

These are some of the animal species Charles Darwin would have seen when he visited the Galapagos Islands.]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 07:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-lecture-1-3 HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Galapagos Creatures These are some of the animal species Charles Darwin would have seen when he visited the Galapagos Islands. no 0:23 2005 Evolution - Breeding Corn from Teosinte http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Breeding Corn from Teosinte

The morphologies of modern-day corn and teosinte plants are compared to illustrate how artificial selection can bring about dramatic changes in plants.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 06:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-lecture-2 HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Breeding Corn from Teosinte The morphologies of modern-day corn and teosinte plants are compared to illustrate how artificial selection can bring about dramatic changes in plants. no 0:52 2005 Evolution - Dog Breeding http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Dog Breeding

In a span of less than 10,000 years, breeders have changed traits and body shapes of dogs by artificial selection––for example, emphasizing different aspects of hunting and herding behavior.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 05:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-lecture-1-2 HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Dog Breeding In a span of less than 10,000 years, breeders have changed traits and body shapes of dogs by artificial selection––for example, emphasizing different aspects of hunting and herding behavior. no 1:53 2005 Evolution - The Stickleback on Jeopardy! http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html The Stickleback on Jeopardy!

A fish studied by evolutionary researchers is one of the questions on the popular game show.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 04:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-lecture-4 HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. The Stickleback on Jeopardy! A fish studied by evolutionary researchers is one of the questions on the popular game show. no 2:02 2005 Evolution - Stickleback Environment http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Stickleback Environment

At the end of the last ice age, retreating ice created many new lakes, some of which were colonized by sticklebacks. Different predators in different lakes drove the stickleback's evolution.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 03:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-stickleback-environment HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Stickleback Environment At the end of the last ice age, retreating ice created many new lakes, some of which were colonized by sticklebacks. Different predators in different lakes drove the stickleback's evolution. no 1:27 2005 Evolution - Fossil Record of Stickleback Evolution http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Fossil Record of Stickleback Evolution

In a quarry in Nevada, stickleback evolution that took place 10 million years ago can be observed with remarkable accuracy by following a progression of fossils.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 02:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-fossil-record-of-stickleback-evol HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Fossil Record of Stickleback Evolution In a quarry in Nevada, stickleback evolution that took place 10 million years ago can be observed with remarkable accuracy by following a progression of fossils. no 2:33 2005 Evolution - Fruit Fly Courtship http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Fruit Fly Courtship

The male courtship dance in Drosophila elegans shows that the wing spots play a prominent role. A different species, Drosophila tristis, has a different wing pattern as well as a different courtship dance.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 01:00:00 -0500 2005-evolution-lecture-1 HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Fruit Fly Courtship The male courtship dance in Drosophila elegans shows that the wing spots play a prominent role. A different species, Drosophila tristis, has a different wing pattern as well as a different courtship dance. no 0:55 2005 Evolution - Pocket Mouse and Predation http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Pocket Mouse and Predation
Different color variants of the rock pocket mouse are more visible to predators depending on their environment.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:55:00 -0500 2005-evolution-pocket-mouse-and-predation HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Pocket Mouse and Predation Different color variants of the rock pocket mouse are more visible to predators depending on their environment. no 0:19 2005 Evolution - Pocket Mouse Evolution http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Pocket Mouse Evolution
A simulation of the spread of a favorable mutation through a population of pocket mice, given a specific selective advantage.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:50:00 -0500 2005-evolution-pocket-mouse-evolution HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Pocket Mouse Evolution A simulation of the spread of a favorable mutation through a population of pocket mice, given a specific selective advantage. no 1:05 2005 Evolution - Stickleback CT Scan http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Stickleback CT Scan
A rotating image of a stickleback skeleton made from serial high-resolution X-ray computerized tomography scans.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:45:00 -0500 2005-evolution-stickleback-ct-scan HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Stickleback CT Scan A rotating image of a stickleback skeleton made from serial high-resolution X-ray computerized tomography scans. no 0:38 2005 Evolution - Gene Switch http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Gene Switch
Switches found upstream of a gene's protein-coding region can bind molecules that increase the gene's transcription.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:40:00 -0500 2005-evolution-gene-switch HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Gene Switch Switches found upstream of a gene's protein-coding region can bind molecules that increase the gene's transcription. no 1:14 2005 Evolution - Pitx 1 Expression http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Pitx 1 Expression
The Pitx 1 gene in sticklebacks has several switches to variably control its activity in different tissues.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:35:00 -0500 2005-evolution-pitx-1-expression HHMI/David M. Kingsley, Ph.D. Pitx 1 Expression The Pitx 1 gene in sticklebacks has several switches to variably control its activity in different tissues. no 0:55 2005 Evolution - Wing Morph http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Wing Morph
Expression of a pigment pattern gene in a butterfly larva corresponds to the location of wing spots in the adult.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:30:00 -0500 2005-evolution-wing-morph HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Wing Morph Expression of a pigment pattern gene in a butterfly larva corresponds to the location of wing spots in the adult. no 0:28 2005 Evolution - Paintbrush Gene http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/index.html Paintbrush Gene
Switches controlling a "paintbrush" gene in related fruit flies can be used to turn on wing spots in one species, and off in another.

]]> Tue, 29 Nov 2005 00:25:00 -0500 2005-evolution-paintbrush-gene HHMI/Sean B. Carroll, Ph.D. Paintbrush Gene Switches controlling a "paintbrush" gene in related fruit flies can be used to turn on wing spots in one species, and off in another. no 0:48